Current Limitations

Inefficiency
High rates of spontaneous abortion
Large offspring Syndrome
Other developmental anomalies
The hypothetical role of "nuclear reprogramming"
Conclusion

The Eukaryotic Cell- An Evolutionary Perspective.
Cellular energetics: implications for the reproductive process
Oocyte Maturation and Culture

In Vivo Factors
In Vitro
Conclusion

Donor Cell Selection

General discussion
By what criteria?

Is telomerase expression relevant?

Cell cycle considerations

serum starvation vs cycling cells
contact inhibition
selection of quiescent cells
conclusion

To Culture or Not to Culture...

The Impact of cell culture conditions

Atmospheric considerations
Cell Culture media- room for improvement

Conclusion

Transfer Methodologies

Fusion via electroporation
Direct Nuclear transfer ( Honolulu Technique)
Recent improvements
Conclusion

Activation Methods

Electroporation
Calcium channel modulators
Recent discoveries - Nitric Oxide
Conclusion

Embryo Culture

Sequential Media: G1.2 and G2.2
Recent developments
Miscellenous observations
Room for improvement
Conclusion

Implantation and Maternal Considerations

Potential mechanisms underlying spontaneous abortion

Birth and Neonatal Care